Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, niacinamide, nicotinic acid, and vitamin PP, is an essential
nutrient that functions as a coenzyme involved in over 400 biochemical processes, the most
critical being energy production. Vitamin B3 exists in two main forms: nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide. It can be found in foods such as chicken, beans, avocado, eggs, nuts, brewer’s
yeast, fish, meat, whole grains, and vegetables like carrots.
The body also has the ability to convert the amino acid tryptophan into nicotinamide. Vitamin B3
plays crucial roles in:
Key Functions of Vitamin B3:
1. DNA Repair
Some studies have shown that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a derivative of
vitamin B3, can directly impact gene toxicity, helping to repair DNA and potentially
preventing cancer. In a 2015 study on patients with a history of skin cancer, daily
supplementation with vitamin B3 (nicotinamide) reduced the occurrence of new
squamous-cell and basal-cell skin cancers by 23% over a year. This study involved 386
high-risk patients aged 30 to 91. Lead investigator, Professor Diona Damian from the
University of Sydney, emphasized that this supplementation does not replace sunscreen
or regular skin check-ups.
2. Cancer Survival
A study conducted by the National Institute of Nutrition and Health (NIH) involving
3,504 participants concluded that higher dietary niacin intake was associated with
improved survival rates in cancer patients. However, it did not significantly reduce
mortality from all causes.
3. Energy Production
Vitamin B3, specifically in the form of nicotinamide, is a precursor of NAD+, an
essential coenzyme in the production of ATP (energy). NAD+ also plays a role in calcium
storage, stress response, cell cycle regulation, and lipid metabolism.
4. Cardiovascular Health and Lipid Profiles
A 2019 study published by PubMed found that vitamin B3 reduced lipid levels without
affecting blood sugar control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vitamin B3 has been shown
to lower LDL ("bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides, while increasing HDL ("good"
cholesterol), thereby reducing cardiovascular risks associated with hyperlipidemia. A
meta-analysis of 5,137 patients across seven studies concluded that vitamin B3
significantly lowered cardiovascular incidents, although its impact on coronary and
cardiovascular mortality was small and statistically insignificant.
Deficiency and Safety:
Vitamin B3 deficiency is uncommon in the Western world but may occur in conditions like
pellagra. Symptoms of deficiency include loss of appetite, skin rash, diarrhea, and mental
disturbances. Mild side effects of niacin can include skin flushing and headaches, though it is
generally considered safe. A daily B-complex or multivitamin containing niacin can help prevent
deficiency.
Side Effects of High Doses:
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): In a study conducted on mice, those given 400 times the
standard daily dose of 250 mg of NR showed an increased risk of cancer spread,
particularly to the brain. Researchers believe this may be due to enhanced activation of T
cells and increased NAD+ levels, which potentially fuel cancer cell growth.
Inositol Hexaniacinate: A form of niacin that has not been associated with toxicity, even
in higher doses. However, very high doses of niacin (1,000-3,000 mg per day) can cause
liver damage, worsen diabetes, and increase the risk of gout due to elevated uric acid
levels.
These insights are provided to raise awareness and improve your health and well-being. Always
consult with your healthcare provider before adding supplements to your routine.
References:
1. Harvard School of Public Health - Vitamin B3
2. National Institutes of Health - Study on Vitamin B3 and DNA Repair
3. Daily Mail Article on Anti-Aging and Cancer Risks of Vitamin B3
4. Study on Vitamin B3 and Diabetes
5. Meta-Analysis on Cardiovascular Effects of Vitamin B3
Dr. Ashraf Girgis, N.D.
335 Bridge St NW, Suite #300, Grand Rapids, MI 49504
100 Harborview Dr, Suite #204, Baltimore, MD 212130
Phone: (616) 777-0608